Chinese medicine is a comprehensive medical system that has been developed and refined over thousands of years in China. It is based on the belief that health is achieved through the balance and harmonious flow of Qi (vital energy) within the body.
Chinese medicine takes a holistic approach to health and wellness, recognizing that the body, mind, and spirit are interconnected and interdependent. It seeks to prevent illness and promote healing by addressing the underlying causes of disease, rather than just treating symptoms.
A brief history
Prehistoric and ancient times
It is believed that Fu Xi, the legendary founder of Chinese culture, is credited with the discovery of acupuncture through the use of "nine needles" made from stone (bian stones). This marks the beginning of medical practices in China.
Legend has it that the ancient "Shen Nong tasted a hundred species of herbs and almost 70 species of poisonous plants a day." This led to the development of herbal medicine, which forms the foundation of TCM.
Early historical periods
During the Yellow Emperor's era, the foundational texts of TCM, such as the “Huangdi Neijing,”(《黄帝内经》) were compiled. This classic discusses anatomy, physiology, pathology, and principles of treatment, laying the theoretical foundation for TCM.
According to the records, King Cheng of Zhou set up a place next to the conference venue as a "residence for medicine for vassals who are ill", which could be regarded as the prototype of an ancient hospital or medical institution.
Qin and Han dynasties (221 BC to AD 220)
During this period, TCM theory further developed, with the integration of Yin-Yang and Five Elements theories into medical practice.
The works of famous physicians like Zhang Zhongjing and Hua Tuo contributed significantly to the field. Zhang Zhongjing wrote the “Shanghan Zabing Lun” (Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases), while Hua Tuo invented mafeisan (anesthetic) and was a pioneer in surgery.
Tang Dynasty (AD 618 to 907)
Medicine flourished during the Tang Dynasty, with the emergence of Sun Simiao, known as the "King of Medicine."
He compiled the Qian Jin Yao Fang (千金要方, Important Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold for Emergency) and its sequel, the Qian Jin Yi Fang (千金翼方, Supplementary Prescriptions to the Important Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold for Emergency). which are still widely referenced today.
Song Dynasty (AD 960 to 1279)
The Song Dynasty witnessed a peak in the development of TCM, with the establishment of the Imperial Medical Academy (Taiyi Ju) for medical education. The government also organized the compilation of medical texts and created bronze acupuncture models for teaching.
Ming and Qing dynasties (AD 1368 to 1912)
This period saw the compilation of monumental works like Li Shizhen's “Bencao Gangmu” (Compendium of Materia Medica), which listed over 1,800 medicinal substances.
Other significant contributions include the development of "rendou jiezhong fa" (human smallpox inoculation), a precursor to modern vaccination.
Modern Era
In recent decades, TCM has continued to evolve and gain international recognition. With advancements in technology and research, TCM is being integrated with modern medical practices, leading to the development of new treatments and therapies.
Basic theories
The Yin-Yang and Five Elements theories, along with the concepts of Zang-Fu organs, meridians, and Qi-Blood, form the theoretical basis of TCM.
Yin-Yang Theory
Yin represents the feminine, passive, and negative aspects of life. It is associated with darkness, coldness, quietness, and the internal, substantive nature of things. In the human body, Yin corresponds to the physical structures and fluids, such as blood, bones, and bodily tissues.
Yang, on the other hand, represents the masculine, active, and positive aspects. It is associated with light, warmth, movement, and the external, functional nature of things. In the human body, Yang corresponds to the vitality, energy, and functional activities that keep us alive and thriving.
This fundamental concept explains the balance of opposing yet complementary forces within the body and nature. Maintaining a balance between Yin and Yang is crucial for good health.
Five Elements
This theory posits that everything in the universe can be classified into five basic elements—Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, and Water—which are interconnected and influence each other. Imbalances in the Five Elements can lead to illness, and restoring balance through treatment can promote healing.
Zang-Fu Organs
Chinese medicine recognizes a set of internal organs, known as the Zang-Fu organs, that play a crucial role in maintaining health. These organs are not identical to their Western counterparts but rather represent functional systems that govern various bodily functions and processes.
Qi, Blood, and Body Fluids
Chinese Medicine theory emphasizes the importance of Qi, blood, and body fluids in maintaining health. Qi is the vital energy that animates the body, while blood and body fluids nourish and moisten tissues. Imbalances in these substances can lead to a wide range of health problems.
Techniques
Acupuncture
This involves inserting thin, sterile needles into specific points on the body to stimulate the flow of Qi and promote healing. Acupuncture is used to treat a wide range of conditions, including pain, stress, anxiety, insomnia, and digestive issues.
Herbal medicine
TCM practitioners use a variety of herbs, often in combination, to treat various health conditions. These herbs are believed to have specific properties that can help restore balance to the body's Qi.
Tuina massage
This form of therapeutic massage involves applying pressure and manipulation to specific points on the body to promote relaxation. Tuina massage is often used to treat muscle tension, pain, and stress.
Cupping therapy
In this technique, heated cups are placed on the skin to create suction, which is believed to draw out toxins and promote blood flow. Cupping therapy is often used to treat respiratory conditions, muscle pain, and other health issues.
Moxibustion
Moxibustion refers to the burning of mugwort (a type of herb) near specific points on the body to warm it.
