The Revival of Hanfu: Cultural Confidence and Aesthetic Pursuits of China's Young Generation
In recent years, a Hanfu Revival movement has surged among China's younger generation. Hanfu, a traditional Chinese attire, has transitioned from being a symbol at festivals and historical site tours to becoming a part of daily life and a cultural phenomenon. From ancient capitals like Xi’an, Luoyang and Hangzhou to cities worldwide, Hanfu enthusiasts use this traditional attire to express their deep appreciation and love for Chinese culture.
Statistics reveal that as of 2023, China's Hanfu industry reached a market size of 14.47 billion RMB, with an estimated consumer base of 9 million people—a figure that continues to grow steadily.
Though the term Hanfu was coined only two decades ago as a modern designation for traditional Han Chinese clothing, it represents a lineage of Chinese fashion that spans thousands of years. From the era of the Yellow Emperor 4,700 years ago to the Tang, Song and Ming dynasties, Hanfu’s design evolved through changing times. Its various styles—such as the yishang (separate upper and lower garments), shenyi (one-piece robe), paofu (long robes) and ruqun (blouse and skirt)—each carry rich cultural significance and reflect the advancements of ancient Chinese society.
According to Confucian scholar and Dayou Academy Director Wang Xianchong, Hanfu embodies strong ceremonial attributes, serving as a symbol of societal rituals, norms and propriety. Wang highlights how Hanfu’s design deliberately integrates elements that promote moral refinement and etiquette. For example, the shenyi, which served both as casual wear for nobles and formal attire for commoners, was highly esteemed by Confucian scholars. Its components correspond to tools like compasses and rulers, symbolizing discipline and moral guidance—values that remain relevant in today’s society.
Hanfu’s resurgence can be attributed largely to its unique aesthetic appeal. The elegance of Han dynasty clothing, the ornate sophistication of Tang styles, the refined simplicity of Song designs, and the grandeur of Ming-era attire collectively form a cornerstone of Chinese ancient aesthetics. This influence extends beyond China, shaping the traditional attire of neighboring cultures, including Korea, Japan and Vietnam. Wang believes that the pursuit of beauty transcends time, space and cultural boundaries, reflecting a universal human trait.
The modern revival of Hanfu also aligns with contemporary values of individuality and freedom in fashion. In today’s society, where dress codes are less rigid, young people can freely choose attire that resonates with their personal tastes. Hanfu’s distinct charm caters to their desire for beauty and self-expression.
Beyond aesthetics, Hanfu’s popularity underscores a growing appreciation for ritualistic elements in modern life and cultural diversity. It is a manifestation of the younger generation’s cultural confidence and pursuit of refined aesthetics. Hanfu is not merely a fashion trend but also a blend of cultural preservation and innovation. As Hanfu continues to gain prominence, it signifies the reinvigoration of traditional Chinese culture in a modern context, heralding a new era of cultural vitality and expression.